what are the goals of those who support 3rd world immigration to the west

Abstract

More 244 1000000 international migrants were estimated to alive in a strange country in 2015, leaving apart the massive number of people that have been relocated in their ain country. Furthermore, a substantial proportion of international migrants from southern countries do not reach western nations but resettle in neighbouring low-income countries in the same geographical area. Migration is a complex phenomenon, where 'macro'-, 'meso'- and 'micro'-factors act together to inform the final individual conclusion to migrate, integrating the simpler previous push–pull theory.

Among the 'macro-factors', the political, demographic, socio-economical and environmental situations are major contributors to migration. These are the main drivers of forced migration, either international or internal, and largely out of individuals' control.

Amid the 'meso-factors', communication applied science, land grabbing and diasporic links play an of import role. In detail, social media attract people out of their origin countries by raising awareness of living conditions in the affluent globe, albeit often grossly exaggerated, with the diaspora link also acting as an attractor. However, 'micro-factors' such equally educational activity, organized religion, marital status and personal attitude to migration also have a key role in making the terminal conclusion to migrate an individual choice. The stereotype of the illiterate, poor and rural migrant reaching the borders of flush countries has to be abandoned. The poorest people just do not have the means to escape war and poverty and remain trapped in their country or in the neighbouring ane.

Once in the destination country, migrants have to undergo a hard and oft conflictive integration process in the hosting community. From the health standpoint, newly arrived migrants are mostly healthy (good for you migrant event), but they may harbour latent infections that demand appropriate screening policies. Cultural barriers may sometimes hamper the relation between the migrant patient and the health intendance provider. The acquisition of western lifestyles is leading to an increase of non-communicable chronic diseases that require attention.

Destination countries have to reconsider the positive medium/long-term potential of migration and need to be prepared to receive migrants for the benefit of the migrants themselves and their native population.

Foreword

Co-ordinate to the International Organization for Migration (IOM), as many as 244 million people were international migrants in 2015 ¹ and the UN Department of Economics and Social Affairs estimates that the figure is as high equally 257.vii 1000000 in 2017. ² Importantly, out of the 244 1000000 claimed past IOM in 2015, 90.2 million moved from a southern land to some other southern country, while but 85.3 one thousand thousand were people migrating from the south to the due north, the remaining being individuals from the north migrating to the south (13.half-dozen million) or from the north to the north (55.one million). At present, most international migrants are of working-age and live in Europe, Asia and North America (Effigy one). Apart from international migrants, an astonishing figure of 740 meg people is estimated to have migrated internally within their origin country. ¹

Figure ane.

Figure 1.

Migration is as one-time equally humankind. People have ever moved in search of better living conditions for themselves and for their loved ones or escaping dramatic situations in their homeland. These two major drivers were the fundamentals of the 'push and pull' theory that was starting time proposed by Lee in 1966, ³ encompassing economic, environmental, social and political factors pushing out from the individual homeland and attracting him/her towards the destination state.

Lee's theory has the merit of being one of the first trying to place in a modern and scientific mode the drivers of such a complex phenomenon after Ravenstein kickoff addressed them in Scotland in 1885. ⁴ The primary elements of the 'push and pull' theory will also be considered in this article for didactic purposes, but the Author recognizes that in the current global world reality is certainly much more complex and faceted, involving both local national realities and macro-level causes as well as meso-level and micro-level causes related to the link of the individual to his/her ethnic or religious grouping and the personal characteristic of the individuals respectively. ⁵ (Figure 2) Recently, the 'pull-button plus' theory has also been proposed, which considers predisposing, proximate, precipitating and mediating drivers of migration. ^{half dozen}

Effigy 2.

Circuitous drivers of migration: macro-, meso- and micro-factors Source: Foresight: Migration and Global Environmental Change (2011) Final Project Report The Government Office for Science, London, modified

Figure two.

Complex drivers of migration: macro-, meso- and micro-factors Source: Foresight: Migration and Global Environmental Alter (2011) Final Projection Report The Authorities Office for Science, London, modified

Regardless of the theoretical framework adopted, the topic addressed by this article is difficult considering sound scientific data are deficient, existing literature is mainly qualitative and ofttimes presented equally greyness literature. In add-on, geographical and cultural elements may influence the weight of the single determinant in dissimilar continents and in different periods. Finally, although the various drivers will exist presented separately, we recognize that they are function of a unique complex scenario where they strongly interact.

Definition of migrants

According to the International Organisation for Migration (IOM), a migrant is 'any person who is moving or has moved beyond an international border or inside a Country away from his/her habitual place of residence, regardless of (1) the person'due south legal status; (2) whether the motion is voluntary or involuntary; (iii) what the causes for the movement are; or (iv) what the length of the stay is', a broad definition indeed. Under such definition, and strictly limiting our analysis to south-to-north migrants, two major broad categories may be identified:

• Labour (or economic) migrants (and family reunification) and

• Forced migrants (asylum seekers and refugees);

whose reasons to migrate may differ, even if difference between the two categories are probably smaller that estimated in one case and the same migrating private may fall in i or the other category at the aforementioned fourth dimension. ⁵

In this respect, it is useful to report below the synthetic definitions of aviary seekers and refugees from IOM. ⁷

Aviary seeker

A person who seeks safety from persecution or serious harm in a country other than his or her own and awaits a decision on the awarding for refugee condition nether relevant international and national instruments. In instance of a negative conclusion, the person must leave the land and may be expelled, unless permission to stay is provided on humanitarian grounds.

Refugee

A person who, 'owing to a well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, organized religion, nationality, membership of a detail social grouping or political opinions, is outside the state of his nationality and is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country (Geneva Convention, 1951, Fine art. 1A).'

Drivers of migration

The factors acting together and determining the terminal decision of an individual to migrate may exist subdivided in macro-elements (largely independent from the private), meso-elements (more than closely related to the individual just not completely under the individual'due south control) and micro-element (personal characteristics and attitudes). Those that accept been more extensively studied will be discussed in this article.

Inadequate human and economic evolution

Human development is enormously unbalanced in the diverse regions of the planet and the gap is increasingly wide. The economic and political reasons underlying this sad situation are beyond the telescopic of this article and will not exist addressed here. The Human Evolution Index (HDI) is a composite index combining the performances of the different countries on health (life-expectancy), education (years of schooling) and economics (per capita income) proposed by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).

The 2016 HDI tiptop ranking includes 15 western countries (eleven European, 2 North American, 2 in Oceania) and 5 Asian countries among the first 20 ranked nations. ^eight At the opposite extremity of the listing, xix out of the last twenty nations with the lowest HDI indexes are from Africa, a striking deviation. Notwithstanding, during the beginning decade of the new millennium, many African countries experienced a remarkable economic growth, with gross domestic production (Gdp) increases exceeding 5% in average according to the Imf. Unfortunately, the consequent relative wealth has not been equitably distributed in the population and the subsequent globe economical crisis since 2011 has slowed down the economic performances of most African countries to a blank 2% yearly GDP increment. As a consequence, most jobs in developing countries are still in the breezy sector, with little salary and social protection, thus nurturing the willing to detect better job conditions elsewhere. Low performances in the health, education and economic sectors are a reflex of the vulnerability of the wellness, teaching and productive systems which is caused past the lack of economical and human resource. With particular regard to the health sector, such situations that provide footling professional and economic motivation pave the way for qualified health professionals to leave their origin countries, a phenomenon known equally 'brain drain' and creating a vicious circumvolve.

Poor wellness services, picayune educated and qualified work force and poverty are a fertile background promoting migration of individuals in search of better life. New advice technologies, largely available in urban settings even in developing countries, allows people to compare the western lifestyle with the local situations where the luxurious houses and cars of expatriates (and local regime…) oft dissimilarity with the poor living conditions of the local populations. The gradient of prosperity.

Migration and development are strictly linked and influence each other. Paradoxically enough, in fact, migration may exist driven by both a lack of development and by an increasing socio-economical development in a specific country, at least in the initial stage. ⁹

Demographic increase, urbanization

The world's living population has increased in an unprecedented way during the last two centuries, from ane billion estimated to live in the yr 1800 to the more than 6 billion living at the commencement of the second millennium, to the roughly 11 billion that will probably inhabit the earth in 2100. ¹⁰ The bulk of this massive increase is taking place in Asia and Africa, where high fertility rates, driven past babe mortality, and poor birth control programmes event in high annual population increment rates. On the contrary, the fertility rate in western industrialized countries is shrinking. Co-ordinate to the World Banking concern, the average fertility rates in loftier income countries was 1.vii children per woman in 2015, while it was iv.8 per woman in low-income countries. ¹¹ As a global result, the population of western industrialized countries is reducing in size and getting progressively old (crumbling population), while the young working-historic period population of the developing countries is rapidly increasing. The African continent offers a striking example. From 493 1000000 in 1990, the African population grew to 1 billion in 2015 and it is expected to rise to 2.2 billion in 2050 and to 4 billion in 2100! ¹²

With item regard to the African continent, the increasingly immature population will probably exceed by far the otherwise improving—merely not deservedly distributed—economy, giving origin to the and so-called 'jobless generation' phenomenon. This means that the increasing global wealth is non mirrored by a proportional number of jobs to satisfy the increasing expectations of the growing skilled young generation, at least in the brusk-medium term. ^thirteen

Every bit a matter of fact, the catamenia of migration in relation to demographic increase could too exist regarded in the reverse manner, raising the question 'why do and then few people migrate?' ^fourteen In fact, even if the stereotype of migration proposes a model of 'mass' invasion of rich countries by migrants from low-income countries in terms of absolute numbers, the proportion of migrating people is quite stable (3.3% of the world population in 2015, two.4% of the earth population in 1960).

Climate changes

It is now nigh universally accepted that the climate is becoming warmer and warmer at an increasing speed, causing health inequalities beyond the world ¹⁵ apart from other unwanted effects. It is also accepted that the driving causes of such climate changes started with the industrial revolution, are mainly anthropogenic in nature and are largely due to the emission of greenhouse gases (in detail CO₂, methane and nitrous oxide) by industrial activities from carbon-based free energy. Information technology has been estimated that 97% of such emissions occur in industrialized rich countries, leaving a mere 3% emission coming out from depression-income countries. ^xvi The touch of climate changes is astonishingly severe in the south of the world, where 150000 are estimated to take died in 2000 from the consequences of the planet warming. ¹⁷ Drought, flooding, increases in arthropod borne infections due to vector spreading in regions where the dissimilarity measures are difficult to implement due to scarcity of ways also indirectly impact on morbidity and economic agronomical revenues. The case of Lake Chad is extreme but enlightening. From the nearly 25000 square kilometres Lake Chad had in 1963, its water now covers a bare one-twentieth of its original extension, with severe touch on the fertility of the surrounding land. This shortage of water, food and agricultural resources forces people and livestock to move in search of a less hostile environment. ^ane Examples of land degradation induced by climate changes are multiple and represent a driving force for people to drift past producing nutrient insecurity and run a risk of health-related crisis. ^xviii

According to the IOM, environmental migrants are those 'persons or groups of persons who, for reason of sudden or progressive changes in the environment that adversely bear on their lives or living weather, are obliged to get out their habitual homes, or choose to do so, either temporarily or permanently, and who motion either within their country or abroad'. ¹⁹

It has been suggested that the environment may impact on migration flows by directly affecting the hazardousness of place but too indirectly irresolute the economic, political, social and demographic context with very complex interrelationships. ²⁰

The 'climatic migrants', as they are sometime called, might perchance reach the astonishing effigy of 200 million by the year 2050, according to the IOM. ²¹ However, forecasts are difficult to make because sound scientific data on this topic are extremely scarce and do non allow reliable estimates. ²² The assessment of the real impact of worsening ecology weather, admitting logical, would profoundly benefit from sound research studies.

Wars and dictatorship

Even now, at the beginning of the third millennium, many areas of the globe—in virtually all continents—host bloody conflicts and social instability where armed parties fight or where rude dictatorships are ruling and denying social rights. Some are well-known to the public (i.eastward. Syria and Afghanistan), while others are not as is the case of the Horn of Africa (Eritrea, Somalia) and some areas of West Africa (Mali, The gambia) and the Sahelian region or in Central and Southern America. ¹ People may exist denied basic man rights and the access to education and to a dignified life may be prevented, especially for females. Fundamentalism is such countries may easily grow, as information technology is the case with the deadly activities of Boko Haram in Northern Nigeria, that it is estimated to have acquired the internal displacement of nearly 2 1000000 people. ²³ It is to be noted that the majority of displaced people in warring nations are relocated within national borders, thus officially they are not considered international migrants, but rather internal refugees.

Land grabbing

Country grabbing is a phenomenon that has become increasingly of import since the beginning of the new millennium. The term 'land grabbing' refers to the intensive exploitation of vast areas of state in rural areas of depression-income countries by private international enterprises or even by strange governments in social club to implement large-scale intensive cultivations (mainly biofuels and food crops) or to exploit minerals, forestry or the touristic industry. This happens to the detriment of the poor local population, which is poorly (and oft forcedly) compensated and virtually obliged to leave the rural areas to reach the degraded urban peripheries within their ain countries, where they often live a difficult life in a different setting from the 1 they and their families have experienced for centuries. Psychological and physical impairment is frequent in such communities and international migration may then occur. Apart from this directly touch, the economical do good of pocket-size agronomical industry is of advantage of the local communities, while the intensive exploitation of lands as a consequence of land grabbing is mainly to the benefit of the private enterprise stock owners and the international market, ²⁴ leading to the progressive impoverishment of the increasingly resource-poor country. Together with ecology damages due to climate changes, the loss of small-scale-scale land holding and its turning into intensive exploitation causes a progressive country degradation, which leads to a progressive abandonment of native lands by a mass of people. ²⁵

Religion

This issue will only be briefly alluded to, every bit it is as well wide and circuitous to be fairly addressed in such context. The history of humankind offers many examples of mass population movements caused past religion persecution or following the dream of a land where individual faith could be freely preached. However, these movements accept often been the consequence of a political will as it has been the case of the conflictive Muslim, Hindu and Sikh movement beyond the newly created border between India and East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) in 1947. Similarly, Jews flowed to Palestine after the 2nd World State of war, also attracted by the law of return, favouring migration of Jewish people to the new state of State of israel. In many other instances, religion has been the pretext for indigenous persecution and expulsion, every bit is possibly the instance for the Rohingya Muslim population from Myanmar or the mass movements caused past armed fundamentalists groups such as Daesh or Boko Haram in the Heart E and sub-Saharan West Africa, respectively.

Sexual identity

A number of countries have a quite restrictive policy on sexual identity and LTGB people (lesbians, gay, transgender and bisexual people) face psychological and fifty-fifty physical violence, forcing them to hide their sexual identity. The touch on of such policies on international migration has recently been the subject of some investigation that is in its infancy. No doubt, nevertheless, that an impact exists, particularly from countries where 'machismo' is considered a value. ^26,27 A comprehensive overview of the issues related to the protection of social rights in those people forced to migrate due to their sexual orientation may be institute in the 2013 thematic issue of Forced Migration Review. ²⁸

Didactics

A final notation has to be defended to the education level of migrants. International migrants are oft regarded as illiterate and poor people escaping poverty from remote rural areas. This stereotype is far from being truthful in virtually instances for both economic and forced migrants. Migrants in search of a better time to come usually have a more pronounced initiative, attitude and boldness than the average person, with some skills and financial resources needed to programme and fund a long-distance journey every bit it is the case for international migration. ²⁹ In almost instances, they are more educated than their peers left behind in their origin land. ³⁰ Sometimes they are fifty-fifty more educated than their peers in the destination state. ³¹ In addition, individuals from families or communities that already positively experienced migration in previous years are more inclined to migrate equally their travel abroad is regarded as of possible benefit to the origin society. ⁵ For such individuals, the being of ethnic or family links in the destination land is a farther driver of migration. The relationship between education and migration are twofold. From 1 side, the migration of educated people from depression-centre income countries to OECD countries institute a net loss of human qualified resources for the origin countries and a gain for the host country. A phenomenon known as 'brain drain'. From the other side, the financial and ideational remittances from destination countries may besides take an touch on the education of non-migration children and adolescents in their origin countries. ^xxx

Personal willingness to migrate

All the above drivers of migration act, with different strength in dissimilar places, to build the general frame at the macro-level of each specific geographical, economic and political situation. Even so, the meso- or fifty-fifty micro-levels are also important in driving the final choice of the individual to migrate. The influence of the ethnic group, the family support—both economic and societal—is of the upmost importance for a specific individual to make the final selection to drift or to stay. Educational level and access to financial ways permitting to afford the migration travel accept already been discussed higher up, simply other factors such as ethnic and social community are besides important. The aspiration and want to migrate is a crucial key cistron that interacts with other external drivers of migration to build the final decision to actually migrate. ³²

Health challenges in the destination country

Regardless of the mix of drivers leading to migration in any private person, migrants normally undergo a difficult integration process in the hosting community. Conversely, the receiving country could likewise be obliged to adapt its social and health systems to face up the needs of the hosted population. In many instances, this process is not without conflict for the cultural and economic adaptations that it implies.

From the health point of view, although generalization is inappropriate due to the heterogeneity of provenance and epidemiology of diseases in the origin countries, newly arrived migrants are usually healthy (the 'salubrious migrant' effect) just more affected past latent infections than the host populations, ³³ requiring screening policies and links to care. Crowded and inadequate living conditions in hosting camps may also lead to infectious diseases outbreaks, as recently reported in France. ³⁴ Still, despite the reported college prevalence of selected infections in migrants, including potentially diffusive respiratory tract infections, the adventure of significant spread in the receiving populations has been reported to be negligible, if whatever. ³⁵

In one case resettled in the host country, foreign-borne individuals may face infectious exposure when travelling dorsum—oft accompanied by children born in the host country—to their countries of origin. They are so referred as VFRs (Visiting Friends and Relatives), and represent a significant proportion of imported diseases in western countries, equally in is the instance for imported malaria. ³⁶ Pre-travel advice in such VFR populations poses pregnant challenges to optimally address adequate preventive measures. ³⁷ However, even the non-communicable diseases burden (diabetes, hypertension, metabolic disorders, cardio-vascular diseases, etc.) is increasing among migrants, equally a result of irresolute alimentary habits in developing countries and to the progressive acquisition of western lifestyles later a few years in the receiving state. ³⁸

Finally, the cultural interaction between the migrant patient and the care provider is ofttimes not without conflicts. The emphasis on the possible exotic nature of otherwise ubiquitous illnesses or, on the contrary, the underestimation of culturally bound complaints (cultural barriers) are often aggravated past linguistic barriers leading to potential medical errors. The knowledge of culturally sensitive medical issues, such as genital mutilations, is generally poor in western physicians, requiring specific training and inquiry. ³⁹

Conclusions

In conclusion, the migration flow is now a structural miracle that is likely to go on in the next decades. While many migrants from low-income countries aim to attain more affluent areas of the globe, it is to exist appreciated that a similar, or fifty-fifty bigger, mass of people migrates to neighbouring low-income countries in the aforementioned geographical area.

Migration is always the result of a complex combination of macro-, meso- and micro- factors, the former acting at the society level and the latter interim at the family unit or fifty-fifty individual level. The prevalence of a factor over the other is unpredictable.

Amongst the 'macro-factors', the inadequate human and economical evolution of the origin land, demographic increase and urbanization, wars and dictatorships, social factors and ecology changes are the major contributors to migration. These are the main drivers of forced migration, both international or internal.

Amidst the 'meso-factors', linking the individual to his/her indigenous group or religious customs, country grabbing, communication technology and diasporic links play an important part. The role of communication technologies and social media to attract people out of their origin countries is indisputable today. Awareness of living conditions in the affluent globe—albeit often grossly exaggerated—contributes to nurture the myth of western countries as Eldorado. The ease of communication with the diaspora and family members who migrated previously reinforces the desire of escaping from poverty to a challenging new life abroad.

However, 'micro-factors' such every bit education, religion, marital status and personal attitude to migration also have a key office to brand the last determination to drift that is an individual'south choice.

In any instance, the stereotype of the illiterate poor migrant coming from the most remote rural areas and reaching the borders of affluent countries does not stand. The poorest people but practice not have the means to escape war and poverty and remain trapped in his/her country or in the neighbouring 1. Some degree of entrepreneurship, educational level, social and financial support is usually requested for international south–n economic migration and personal characteristics and choices too play a office. This phenomenon has a positive aspect, every bit the possibility of success of migrants increases as practice remittances, but also a negative one, equally the well-nigh active office of the origin land may be drained preventing local evolution.

Usually, fifty-fifty if generalization is inappropriate, newly arrived migrants are in good wellness, despite a higher prevalence of latent chronic infections ('salubrious migrant' effect). Nonetheless, marginalization in the host country may lead to a deterioration of such health status, a phenomenon known as the 'exhaust migrant' effect.

Host countries, which may take likewise an economical do good from migration in the medium long-term, accept to exist prepared to receive migrants for the benefit of the migrants themselves and their native population.

Conflict of Interest

None declared.

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Writer notes

UNESCO disclaimer: The Author is responsible for the views independent in this article and for opinions expressed therein, which are not necessarily those of UNESCO and practice not commit the Organization.

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